SPEECH

মনে কর তোমার সহপাঠি আবিদ বলল তার কলমটি হারিয়ে গেছে। তুমি এ কথাটি ২ ভাবে বলতে পার। ১। Habib says, “I have lost my pen.”

                    ২। Habib says that he has lost his pen

প্রথম sentence টিতে তুমি আবিদের কথা হুবুহু বলেছ। কিন্তু ২য় sentence টিতে তার কথাটি তোমার নিজের কথায় প্রকাশ করেছ। তাই Narration দুই প্রকার।

1.      Direct Speech

2.      Indirect Speech

Direct speech থেকে indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে প্রথমে tense ও person এর পরিবর্তন জানতে হবে।

1. Tense Change:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Present Simple:          She said, “it’s cold.”	Past Simple:           She said that It was cold.
Present continuous:          She said, “I’m teaching English.”	Past continuous:           She said that she was teaching English.
Present perfect:          She said, “I’ve been in school since 1999.”	Past perfect:           She said that she had been in a school since 1999.
Present perfect continuous:          She said, I’ve been teaching in a school for seven years.”	Past perfect continuous:           She said that she had been teaching in school for seven years.
Past simple:          She said, “I taught in many schools.”	Past perfect:           She said that she had taught in many schools.
Past continuous:          She said, “I was teaching earlier.”	Past perfect continuous:           She said that she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect:          She said, “The lesson had already started when he arrived.”	(No change) Past perfect:           She said that the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous:          She said, “I had already been teaching for five minutes.”	(No change) Past perfect continuous:           She said that she had already been teaching for five minutes.

2.Modal Auxiliaries এর পরিবর্তনঃ

Can	Could
May	Might
Will	Would
Shall	would

NB:

1. Could, would, should, might এবং ought to-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন-

Direct         : “I might go to the cinema.” he said

Indirect       : He said he might go to the cinema.

2. Reporting speech- টি যদি কোনো universal truth হয় তাহলে reporting verb present/ past যা হোক না কেন reported speech- এর tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না। যেমন-

Direct         : The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”

Indirect       : The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

Direct         : The teacher said to the students, “Honesty is the best policy.”

Indirect       : The teacher told the students that honesty is the best policy.

3. চিরকালীন বাধ্যবাধকতা বা দৃঢ় অনুমান বোঝানোর ক্ষেত্রে must, had to তে পরিবর্তিত হয় না। যেমন-

Direct         : He said, “Every child must respect its parents.”

Indirect       : He said that every child must respect its parents.

 3. Time Change:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Ago	Before
Come	Go
Here	There
Hence	Thence
Hither	Thither
Now	Then
Next (day/ month/week/year)	Following (day/ week/ month/year)
Today	That day
Thus	So/ In that way
These (days)	Those(days)
This (evening/ morning/noon)	That (evening/ morning/noon)
This day	That day
Tonight	That night
Tomorrow	The next/ following day
Last weekend	The weekend before last The previous weekend
Last night	The previous night
Last month/ year	The previous month/ year The month/ year before
Yesterday (morning/ after noon/ evening)	The previous (morning/ after noon/ evening)
Tomorrow (morning/ evening)	The following (morning/evening)

NB: যদি reporting verb-টি present/ future tense হয় তবে reported speech- এর tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন-

Direct   : Mimi says, “I have done the sum.”

Indirect : Mimi says that she has done the sum.”

Direct   : He says, “I am operating a computer.”

Indirect : He says that he is operating a computer.

4. Person Change:

Reported speech এ 1st (I ,WE)	Reporting verb এর subject কে follow করে।
Reported speech এ 2nd (you, your)	Reporting verb এর object কে follow করে।
Reported speech এ 3rd (He, She, It)	No change.

Change of case:

Nominative	Possessive	Objective
I	My	Me
We	Our	Us
You	You	You
He	His	Him
She	her	Her
They	their	Them

           

যখন বক্তা উল্লেখ থাকবে না তখন বক্তা ধরে নিয়ে indirect narration করতে হবে।

Direct: “I shall go home soon.”

Indirect: The speaker said to the person spoken to that he would go home soon.

Statement/ Assertive Sentence

Assertive sentence এর indirect narration এ change করতে নিচের নিয়ম গুলো follow করবে। এছারা আগের নিয়ম ঠিক থাকবে।

1. Reporting verb say/said বা tell/told বসে।
2. Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।

Example:

Direct: He says, “I am happy.”

                Indirect: He says that he was happy.

                Direct: I said to him, “I shall not go.”

                Indirect: I told him that I would not go.

Question/ Interrogative Sentence

1. Indirect Narration এ interrogative Reported speech টি assertive sentence এ পরিনত করতে হবে।

2.  Say বা tell বা say to এর পরিবর্তে ask, asked বসাতে হবে।

3. Reported speech যদি (do, does, did, shall, will, am, is, are, was, were, can, may) দিয়ে আরম্ভ হলে inverted comma উঠে if বসে।

Direct: Father said, “Are you reading now.”

Indirect: Father asked if he was reading then.

4. শুরুতে interrogative pronoun (who, which, what, when, whom, where, whose, why, how দিয়ে আরম্ভ হলে inverted comma উঠে if হবেনা। ঐ pronoun টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

Direct: Karim said to me, where did you go yesterday.

Indirect: Karim asked me where I had gone the previous day.

Using Reporting verb