Voice change part one

Voice Change

সাধারণ অর্থে Voice অর্থ কণ্ঠস্বর। কিন্তু ব্যাকরণে একে বলা হয় বাচ্য। Verb-এর যে Form দ্বারা কর্তা যখন কাজটি নিজে করে বা অন্যের মাধ্যমে সম্পাদন করিয়ে নেয় এবং কর্তার সঙ্গে কাজের সম্পর্ক দেখায় এবং এইভাবে Verb-এর রূপের যে পরিবর্তন ঘটে তাকে Voice বলে। যেমন:
a. He has made a basket. b. A basket has been made by him.
ওপরের প্রথম বাক্যে কর্তা নিজে কাজ করেছে এবং দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে কর্তার ওপর কাজ করানো হয়েছে।
 আমরা লক্ষ্য করলে দেখতে পাই যে—
(i) Verb এর object (receiver)-টি Subject হিসেবে প্রথমে বসেছে।
(ii) সাহায্যকারী verb-টি বসেছে।
(iii) অতিরিক্ত একটি be verb বসেছে।
(iv) verb এর 3rd Form ব্যবহূত হয়েছে।
(v) extension বসেছে।
(vi) by যোগে verb এর subject-টি object হয়েছে।

Third Conditional

এ জাতীয় clause এ যে শর্ত আরপিত থাকে তা সম্পূর্ণ হতে পারে না কারন এ clause এর ক্রিয়া বাস্তবে সংঘটিত হয় না।

Structure: If / had + past perfect + (Subject + should have/ would have/ might have)

Example:

• If I had been absent from the class, I would have cut a sorry figure in the exam.

Second Conditional

If clause দ্বারা শর্ত আরোপ করা হয় এবং তাতে যে শর্ত আরপিত হয় তা পূরণ হওয়া অসম্ভব না হলেও পূরণ হওয়ার ঘটনা খুব কম।

Structure: If + past indefinite + (Subject + might/ would+ সঙ্গতিপূর্ণ verb)

Example:

• If he came, I would go.
•  If I were a bird, I would fly to you.
• If I saw him, I would tell him the matter.
• If I were you, I would establish a hospital.
•  If I had much wealth, I would help the poor.

First Conditional

In first Conditional If clause দ্বারা যে শর্ত বুঝাজ তা পূরণ হতে পারে নাও পারে। In this Conditional if clause is in present indefinite tense.

Structure: If + Present + future / Imperative 
Example: 

•  If you want, I will help you.If he comes, I shall go.
• If it rains, they will not play.
• If you want to shine in life, work hard.
• Work hard if you want to shine in life.

Conditional Sentence

Definition: The Sentence which refers to a condition is called conditional sentence.
There are three types of conditional sentence.

1. First Conditional Sentence
2. Second Conditional Sentence
3. Third Conditional Sentence

Conditional Sentence Full Note

The Sentence which refers to a condition is called conditional sentence.

Conditional sentence তিন প্রকার।

 1.     First Conditional 
If clause দ্বারা শর্ত বুঝায়। যা পূরণ হতে পারে নাও পারে।

Structure: If + Present + future / Imperative 
Example: 

•  If you want, I will help you.If he comes, I shall go.
• If it rains, they will not play.
• If you want to shine in life, work hard.
• Work hard if you want to shine in life.

2.     Second Conditional

If clause দ্বারা শর্ত আরোপ করা হয় এবং তাতে যে শর্ত আরপিত হয় তা পূরণ হওয়া অসম্ভব না হলেও পূরণ হওয়ার ঘটনা খুব কম।

Structure: If + past indefinite + (Subject + might/ would+ সঙ্গতিপূর্ণ verb)

Example:

• If he came, I would go.
•  If I were a bird, I would fly to you.
• If I saw him, I would tell him the matter.
• If I were you, I would establish a hospital.
•  If I had much wealth, I would help the poor.

3.     Third Conditional

এ জাতীয় clause এ যে শর্ত আরপিত থাকে তা সম্পূর্ণ হতে পারে না কারন এ clause এর ক্রিয়া বাস্তবে সংঘটিত হয় না।

Structure: If / had + past perfect + (Subject + should have/ would have/ might have)

Example:

• If I had been absent from the class, I would have cut a sorry figure in the exam.

Completing Sentence

Would you mind: (কিছু মনে করবেন কি?)

1. Would you mind taking a cup of tea?
2. Would you mind opening the door?
3. Would you mind giving your pen?

As: (হিসাবে/ মত)

1. Khan Jahan Ali was regarded as pious.
2. He treats me as innocent.
3. People condemn Mirjafar as treacherous.
4. Sher-e-Bangla’s contribution to the country is acknowledged as great.
5. I can not accept him as my husband/ wife/ friend/ well wisher.
6. Everyone recognized him as an honest man/ as the lawful heir.
7. I took him as my friend.
8. He treats the boy as his son.

Would that/ I wish: (যদি রাজা/ পাখি হতাম)

1.       I wish, I were a king.

2.       Would that, I were a king.

3.       I wish, I were a bird.

4.       Would that, I were the president of Bangladesh.

5.       I wish, I were a child again.

It is time/ it is high time: (উপযুক্ত সময় বুঝায়)

1. It is time/ high time to start the work.
2. It is time they went home.
3. It is time we went home.
4. It is high time to go home.
5. It is high time to take a tour in London.

Hardly had…… when, No sooner had…… than: (কোন কাজ করতে না করতে)

1. No sooner had I gone out than he came.
2. Scarcely had we reached the station when the train left.

Had better/ had rather: (বরং)

1. I had better/ rather leave the place.
2. I had better/ rather ring him at once.
3. You had better/ rather leave the place.
4. He had better/ rather go home.
5. You had rather/ better go home.

Would better/ would sooner/ would rather…… than: (কোন কিছু অপেক্ষা ভাল)

1. I would rather die than beg.
2. I would rather drink tea than coffee.
3. I would rather go home than stay here.
4. I would better stay virgin than marry you.

Instead of/ in lieu of: (পরিবর্তে )

1. Instead of history, he took logic.
2. The boy bought pens instead of pencils.
3. He ate fish in lieu of meat.
4. She took tea in lieu of coffee.

In spite of, despite: (সত্ত্বেও)

1. In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
2. In spite of his having merit, she failed in the examination.
3. Despite his good qualification, he did not get a suitable job.
4. The boy was punished despite his innocence.

Though/ although: (যদিও)

1. Though he is meritorious, he could not find a good job.
2. He could not catch the bus although he ran fast.
3. Though he is poor, he is honest.
4. The boy was punished despite his innocence.

If: (যদি)

1. If you want, I will help you.
2. We will go outside if it does not rain.
3. If you play in the rain, you will catch cold.
4. If he came, I would go.
5. If he wanted, I would help him.
6. If I had seen him, I might have told the matter.
7. If they had started earlier, they could have got the train.
8. If I were a king, I would help all the poor.
9. If I were a bird, I would fly to you.

Without +Gerund: (ছাড়া)

1. Without having breakfast, you can not get strength.
2. Without taking physical exercise, you can be healthy.
3. Without reading more, you can not pass.
4. You will not write well without writing much.

By + Gerund: (করে)

1. By reading more, we can learn more.
2. By taking exercise, we can keep fit.
3. By drinking clean water, you can keep fit.

Relative pronoun: (যে/ যাহা)

1. The boy, who came yesterday, is my brother.
2. The man, who came here, is my friend.

Till/ until/ As long as: (পর্যন্ত)

1. Wait here until come back.
2. She will be nursing him till he come round soon.
3. Stay here as long as it rains.

এই উদাহরন গুলো আয়ত্ত করে practice করলে completing sentence এ  ভালো ফলাফল করা  যাবে।

Rules of Close Test with / without clues

1)       Active voice এর ক্ষেত্রে am, is, are, was, were, have been, has been, shall be, will be এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হবে।

Ex. Recently world’s climate is ___ significantly. Ans: changing

2)       passive voice এর ক্ষেত্রে am, is, are, was, were, have been, has been, had been, shall be, will be এর পর V3 হয়।

Ex. He has been_____ the work. Ans: done

3)       (can/ could/ may/might/ should/ would/ must/ have to/ has to/ had to/ + be), (could/ should/would/might + have) have, has, had, to be, having, (am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ shall be/ will be + being) এর পর v3 হয়।

4)       By এর পর verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয়।

5)       By এর আগে v3 হয়।

6)       To be (am, is, are, was, were) + Adjective

7)       To have (have, has, had) + Noun

8)       There + To be (am, is, are, was, were) + Noun.

9)       ব্রাকেটের শব্দের পূর্বে verb থাকলে ব্রাকেটের শব্দটি Noun হয়।

10)    ব্রাকেটের শব্দের পূর্বে Adjective থাকলে ব্রাকেটের শব্দটি Noun হয়।

11)    ব্রাকেটের শব্দের পরে Noun থাকলে ব্রাকেটের শব্দটি objective হয়।

12)    verb এর পরে ব্রাকেটের শব্দটি Adjective হলে তাকে adverb করতে হয়।

13)    ব্রাকেটের শব্দের পূর্বে Preposition থাকলে ব্রাকেটের শব্দটি Noun করতে হয়। কিন্তু সরাসরি noun করা না গেলে উক্ত শব্দটির সঙ্গে ing যোগ করতে হয়।

14)    Possessibe Case (my, our, your, their, his, her, Rahim’s) এর পর সাধারনত Noun হয়।

15)    Sentence এর শুরুতে verb থাকলে সাধারনত verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয় অথবা veb এর আগে to বসাতে হয়। কিন্তু কিছু কিছু ক্ষেত্রে ing যোগ না করে Noun form টি বসাতে হয়।

16)    সাধারনত the এর পরে noun বসে।

SPEECH

মনে কর তোমার সহপাঠি আবিদ বলল তার কলমটি হারিয়ে গেছে। তুমি এ কথাটি ২ ভাবে বলতে পার। ১। Habib says, “I have lost my pen.”

                    ২। Habib says that he has lost his pen

প্রথম sentence টিতে তুমি আবিদের কথা হুবুহু বলেছ। কিন্তু ২য় sentence টিতে তার কথাটি তোমার নিজের কথায় প্রকাশ করেছ। তাই Narration দুই প্রকার।

1.      Direct Speech

2.      Indirect Speech

Direct speech থেকে indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে প্রথমে tense ও person এর পরিবর্তন জানতে হবে।

1. Tense Change:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Present Simple:          She said, “it’s cold.”	Past Simple:           She said that It was cold.
Present continuous:          She said, “I’m teaching English.”	Past continuous:           She said that she was teaching English.
Present perfect:          She said, “I’ve been in school since 1999.”	Past perfect:           She said that she had been in a school since 1999.
Present perfect continuous:          She said, I’ve been teaching in a school for seven years.”	Past perfect continuous:           She said that she had been teaching in school for seven years.
Past simple:          She said, “I taught in many schools.”	Past perfect:           She said that she had taught in many schools.
Past continuous:          She said, “I was teaching earlier.”	Past perfect continuous:           She said that she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect:          She said, “The lesson had already started when he arrived.”	(No change) Past perfect:           She said that the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous:          She said, “I had already been teaching for five minutes.”	(No change) Past perfect continuous:           She said that she had already been teaching for five minutes.

2.Modal Auxiliaries এর পরিবর্তনঃ

Can	Could
May	Might
Will	Would
Shall	would

NB:

1. Could, would, should, might এবং ought to-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন-

Direct         : “I might go to the cinema.” he said

Indirect       : He said he might go to the cinema.

2. Reporting speech- টি যদি কোনো universal truth হয় তাহলে reporting verb present/ past যা হোক না কেন reported speech- এর tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না। যেমন-

Direct         : The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”

Indirect       : The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

Direct         : The teacher said to the students, “Honesty is the best policy.”

Indirect       : The teacher told the students that honesty is the best policy.

3. চিরকালীন বাধ্যবাধকতা বা দৃঢ় অনুমান বোঝানোর ক্ষেত্রে must, had to তে পরিবর্তিত হয় না। যেমন-

Direct         : He said, “Every child must respect its parents.”

Indirect       : He said that every child must respect its parents.

 3. Time Change:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Ago	Before
Come	Go
Here	There
Hence	Thence
Hither	Thither
Now	Then
Next (day/ month/week/year)	Following (day/ week/ month/year)
Today	That day
Thus	So/ In that way
These (days)	Those(days)
This (evening/ morning/noon)	That (evening/ morning/noon)
This day	That day
Tonight	That night
Tomorrow	The next/ following day
Last weekend	The weekend before last The previous weekend
Last night	The previous night
Last month/ year	The previous month/ year The month/ year before
Yesterday (morning/ after noon/ evening)	The previous (morning/ after noon/ evening)
Tomorrow (morning/ evening)	The following (morning/evening)

NB: যদি reporting verb-টি present/ future tense হয় তবে reported speech- এর tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন-

Direct   : Mimi says, “I have done the sum.”

Indirect : Mimi says that she has done the sum.”

Direct   : He says, “I am operating a computer.”

Indirect : He says that he is operating a computer.

4. Person Change:

Reported speech এ 1st (I ,WE)	Reporting verb এর subject কে follow করে।
Reported speech এ 2nd (you, your)	Reporting verb এর object কে follow করে।
Reported speech এ 3rd (He, She, It)	No change.

Change of case:

Nominative	Possessive	Objective
I	My	Me
We	Our	Us
You	You	You
He	His	Him
She	her	Her
They	their	Them

           

যখন বক্তা উল্লেখ থাকবে না তখন বক্তা ধরে নিয়ে indirect narration করতে হবে।

Direct: “I shall go home soon.”

Indirect: The speaker said to the person spoken to that he would go home soon.

Statement/ Assertive Sentence

Assertive sentence এর indirect narration এ change করতে নিচের নিয়ম গুলো follow করবে। এছারা আগের নিয়ম ঠিক থাকবে।

1. Reporting verb say/said বা tell/told বসে।
2. Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।

Example:

Direct: He says, “I am happy.”

                Indirect: He says that he was happy.

                Direct: I said to him, “I shall not go.”

                Indirect: I told him that I would not go.

Question/ Interrogative Sentence

1. Indirect Narration এ interrogative Reported speech টি assertive sentence এ পরিনত করতে হবে।

2.  Say বা tell বা say to এর পরিবর্তে ask, asked বসাতে হবে।

3. Reported speech যদি (do, does, did, shall, will, am, is, are, was, were, can, may) দিয়ে আরম্ভ হলে inverted comma উঠে if বসে।

Direct: Father said, “Are you reading now.”

Indirect: Father asked if he was reading then.

4. শুরুতে interrogative pronoun (who, which, what, when, whom, where, whose, why, how দিয়ে আরম্ভ হলে inverted comma উঠে if হবেনা। ঐ pronoun টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

Direct: Karim said to me, where did you go yesterday.

Indirect: Karim asked me where I had gone the previous day.

Using Reporting verb